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Generative metrics〔The term was coined by Joseph C. Beaver in a 1969 reaction to the first Halle–Keyser theory. (Brogan 1981, E739)〕 is the collective term for 3 distinct theories of verse structure (focusing on the English iambic pentameter) advanced between 1966 and 1977. Inspired largely by the example of Noam Chomsky's ''Syntactic Structures'' (1957) and Chomsky and Morris Halle's ''Sound Pattern of English'' (1968),〔Attridge 1982, pp 28, 34.〕 these theories aim principally at the formulation of explicit linguistic rules that will ''generate''〔"The epithet derives ultimately from mathematics: to "generate" the members of a mathematical set is to list the conditions governing membership of that set." (Groves 1998, p 86)〕 all possible well-formed instances of a given meter (e.g. iambic pentameter) and exclude any that are ''not'' well-formed. "All three () have undergone major revision, so that each exists in two versions, the revised version being preferable to the original in every case."〔Brogan 1981, p 299.〕 ==Halle–Keyser== The earliest (and most-discussed〔Brogan 1993, p 451.〕) theory of generative metrics is that put forth by Morris Halle and Samuel Jay Keyser — first in 1966 with respect to Chaucer's iambic pentameter, and in its full and revised form in 1971's ''English Stress: Its Forms, Its Growth, and Its Role in Verse''. Halle and Keyser conceive of the iambic pentameter line as a series of (nominally) 10 Weak and Strong positions: W S W S W S W S W S but to accommodate acephalous lines, and feminine and triple endings, use this full formulation: (W) S W S W S W S W S (x) (x) where the first Weak position is optional, and the final 2 positions (which ''must'' be unstressed) are also optional. They then define their signal concept, the ''Stress Maximum'', as a stressed syllable〔Note that only the single main stress of a word qualifies as "stressed" here; all secondary or tertiary stresses are considered unstressed for the purposes of the theory. (Halle & Keyser 1972, p 343)〕 "located between two unstressed syllables in the same syntactic constituent within a line of verse".〔Halle & Keyser 1972, p 223.〕 Finally, the fit between syllables and the positions they occupy are evaluated by these 2 hierarchical sets of ''correspondence rules'':〔Halle & Keyser 1972, p 223-24.〕 (i) A position (S or W) corresponds to either :1) a single syllable, :or :2) a sonorant sequence incorporating at most two vowels (immediately adjoining to one another, or separated by a sonorant consonant). AND (ii) :1) Stressed syllables occur in S positions and in all S positions; :or :2) Stressed syllables occur only in S positions, but not necessarily in all S positions; :or :3) Stress Maxima occur only in S positions, but not necessarily in all S positions. Rules are evaluated in order. If rules (i)-1 or (ii)-1 or (ii)-2 are broken, this indicates increasing complexity of the line. But if (i)-2 or (ii)-3 are broken, the line is unmetrical.〔Halle & Keyser 1972, p 223-24.〕 (Note that some sources erroneously state that the presence of a Stress Maximum makes a line unmetrical; this is false. In Halle & Keyser's theory a Stress Maximum ''in a W position'' makes a line unmetrical.) An example of Halle and Keyser's scansion is: / / / many bards the ses of time! 〔John Keats, "How many bards gild the lapses of time!" line 1, as scanned in Halle & Keyser 1972, p 226.〕 W S W S W S W S W S Stresses are indicated by a slash "/" and Stress Maxima by "M". A single underline indicates a violation of (ii)-1; a double underline indicates a violation of (ii)-1 & 2. In addition, the Stress Maximum "lap", since it occurs on a W position, violating (ii)-3, should get a third underline, rendering the line unmetrical. (Because of display limitations, this is here indicated by striking out the "M".) Joseph C. Beaver, Dudley L. Hascall, and others have attempted to modify or extend the theory. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Generative metrics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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